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AVR – Aortic Valve Replacement

 

Aortic Valve Stenosis

Symptoms

Aortic Stenosis may not produce immediate symptoms or signs. The first sign is usually an abnormal heart sound, or Heart Murmur, which may develop months or even decades before other signs and symptoms. Aortic stenosis ranges from mild to severe.

As the valve narrows, more signs and symptoms develop and can include : -

• Chest pain (angina) or tightness
• Feeling faint or fainting with physical exertion (exercise)
• Dizziness
• Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity
• Shortness of breath, especially with physical exertion
• Heart Palpitations — sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat
• Swollen ankles and feet

 

Causes

Causes may be : -

 

Calcium buildup on the valve

With age, Heart Valves may accumulate deposits of calcium (aortic valve calcification). Calcium is a mineral found in your blood. As blood repeatedly flows over The Aortic Valve, deposits of calcium can accumulate on the valve’s leaflets. These deposits may never cause any problems.

 

Rheumatic fever

This complication of strep throat was once a common childhood illness in the United States. Rheumatic fever may result in scar tissue forming on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve and lead to aortic stenosis. Scar tissue can also create a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect, contributing to aortic stenosis later in life.

 

Congenital heart defect

Rarely, some babies are born with an already narrowed aortic valve. Others are born with an aortic valve that has only two flaps (leaflets) — not three. Known as a Bicuspid Aortic Valve, this deformity may not cause problems until adulthood, when the valve may begin to narrow or leak and may need to be repair or replacement.

 

Aortic Regurgitation

Symptoms

However, as aortic regurgitation progresses, signs and symptoms usually appear and may include : -

• Fatigue and weakness, especially during physical exertion
• Shortness of breath, especially with physical exertion or when lying down
• Chest pain, discomfort or tightness, often increasing during physical exertion
• Fainting
• Rapid or irregular pulse
• Fluttering heart beat
• Swollen ankles and feet

 

Causes

Any condition that damages the aortic valve can cause regurgitation.

Causes of aortic regurgitation may be : -

 

Rheumatic fever

This complication of strep throat was once a common childhood illness in the United States. It can damage the aortic valve, leading to aortic regurgitation later in life…

 

Deterioration of the valve with age

The aortic valve opens and shuts tens of thousands of times a day, every day of a person’s life. Aortic regurgitation may result from age-related wear and tear on the valve…

 

Endocarditis

The aortic valve may be damaged by endocarditis — an infection inside the heart that can involve the heart valves. Read more about endocarditis prevention…

 

Congenital heart defect

Some infants are born with an aortic valve that has one leaflet (unicuspid valve) or two leaflets (bicuspid valve) rather than the normal three leaflets. This puts the child at risk of developing aortic regurgitation at some point in their life…

 

Diagnosis

At We Care partner hospital, diagnosis begins with a complete physical examination by a medical team that specializes in heart care. Patients will be asked about their general health, including signs and symptoms, and a history of Heart Disease in their family.

Diagnostic tests may include : -

• Chest X-ray : An X-ray image of the chest allows the physician to study the size and shape of the heart and determine whether the heart’s left ventricle (lower left chamber) is enlarged — a possible sign of a damaged aortic valve…

 

• Electrocardiogram (ECG) : In this test, patches with wires (electrodes) are attached to the patient’s skin to measure the electrical impulses given off by the heart…

 

• Echocardiogram (Doppler Echocardiogram) : This test uses sound waves to produce images of the patient’s heart. Through a wandlike device (transducer) held on the patient’s chest…

 

• Transesophageal Echocardiogram : Similar to a “regular” echocardiogram, this test uses a tiny transducer (sound device) on a tube inserted down the esophagus (part of the digestive tract that runs from the throat to the stomach)…

 

• Exercise Tests : Different types of exercise tests help measure the patient’s tolerance for activity and check the heart’s response to physical exertion (exercise)…

 

• Cardiac Catheterization : In this procedure, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted in a blood vessel in the patient’s arm or groin and threaded up to the heart. The catheter is used to deliver dye into the heart chambers and heart blood vessels…

 

Surgery

Many factors help determine the appropriate surgery to treat Heart Valve disease, including a patient’s age and general health, the extent of damage to the valves, the type of valve, and the patient’s preference. Many of these procedures can be done using minimally invasive Heart Surgery.

Surgery for Heart Valve Repair or Replacement :

Stenosis (valve narrowing) may be corrected by cutting, separating or reconstructing the valve leaflets, or other valve components, to widen the valve opening. Most patients with stenosed valves require Valve Replacement…

 

Annuloplasty : 

Annuloplasty is one type of heart Valve Surgery. Annuloplasty describes surgical techniques performed on the valve’s annulus, the ring of tissue that supports the valve leaflets. Purse-string sutures are sewn around the ring to make the opening smaller which helps the leaflets meet again when the valve closes.

 

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Having the industry’s most elaborate and exclusive Patient Care and Clinical Coordination teams stationed at each partner hospital, we provide you the smoothest and seamless care ever imagined. With a ratio of one Patient Care Manager to five patients our patient care standards are unmatched across the sub continent.

 

 

About the Author

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Bicuspid aortic valve

The bicuspid condition of the aortic valves …

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Aortic Valve $65.33 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles The aortic valve is one of the valves of the heart. It is normally tricuspid (with three leaflets), although in 1 of the population it is found to be congenitally bicuspid (two leaflets). It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle. When the pressure in the left ventricle rises above the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops. When the pressure in the left ventricle decreases, the aortic pressure forces the aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound (S2). Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 26 Publication Date: 2010/10/14 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.06 inches

Gender and Aortic Stenosis $96.59 Aortic stenosis (AS) has become the most frequent valve disease and has extensively been studied in recent years. Although gender differences have gained increasing attention in cardiolgy, little is known about gender differences in presentation and surgical outcome of AS so far.In 408 consecutive pts. referred to surgery because of symptomatic AS baseline clinical and echocardiographic data as well as outcome data were analyzed with regard to potential gender differences. At presentation, female pts. were significantly older (73.7 9.3 vs. 66.5 11.5 years; p Author: Fuchs, Christina Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 60 Publication Date: 2008/07/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.00 x 6.00 x 0.12 inches

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Heart Valve $81.25 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A heart valve normally allows blood to flow through it in only one direction. There are four in a mammalian heart and they determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. A heart valve opens or closes depending on the different pressures on each side of it. The four valves in the heart are: The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, which are between the atria and the ventricles, are the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The two semilunar (SL) valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 108 Publication Date: 2011/12/19 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.26 inches

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